The Role of Metal Ions in Fungal Organic Acid Accumulation

Organic acid accumulation is probably the best-known example of primary metabolic overflow. Both bacteria and fungi are capable producing various organic acids in large amounts under certain conditions, but terms productivity-and consequently, commercial importance-fungal platforms unparalleled. For high product yield, chemical composition growth medium crucial providing necessary which concentrations four first-row transition metal elements, manganese (Mn2+), iron (Fe2+), copper (Cu2+) zinc (Zn2+) stand out. In this paper we critically review biological roles these ions, possible biochemical physiological consequences their influence on most important mono-, di- tricarboxylic as well sugar by fungi, ion-related aspects submerged fermentations, including instrumental analytics. Since conditions associated with a cell physiology that differs strongly to what observed “standard” here consider papers patents only levels achieved at least 60% theoretical maximum actual trace ion were verified.